Dissertations / Theses: '18O water' – Grafiati (2024)

Abstract:

IntroductionIn order to address the increasing demand for Fluorine-18 and the rising cost per mL of 18O enriched water, IBA developed improvements to their 18F- production systems. For this new design we started from scratch, with the main objectives of reducing the required enriched water volume and improving the cooling of the insert. A better cooling allows increasing the target current and thus the produced activity. Finally, we aimed to reduce the number of parts and improve the design of auxiliary components.Material and MethodsSix Niobium conical inserts with different target chamber volumes were machined and tested. Only 4 of these were selected to create the new range of IBA 18F− targets shown in TABLE 1. The new Niobium target inserts have a complex shape with drilled channels on the outside of the chamber and a deep channel next to the beam strike area (FIG. 1, green circle) to ensure efficient cooling.The 18O water inlet lines are now directly inserted in the Niobium body (FIG. 1, blue circle) to improve 18F- quality (no more contact with small o-rings). In operation, a 35µm Havar® target window is used.All tests were performed using IBA Cyclone® 18 cyclotron. The targets were filled with different volumes of enriched 18O water (enrichment > 92 %) and irradiated with 18 MeV protons on target with beam currents up to 145 μA for 30 to 150 minutes, while the internal pressure rise of the target was recorded. For each target, a pressure-current curve was plotted and an optimum balance between target water fill volume, pressure and current has been determined, which maximises available activity after two hours, in each case. Results and ConclusionRadionuclidic impurities were measured and more than 100 FDG syntheses on various synthesizers confirmed the effectiveness of the new design. Increasing the current up to 145µA in Conical 16, the production reached 18 Ci in 2 hours, single beam, with a target pressure under 43 bar. Today, the use of these new targets for daily commercial production is increasing within the IBA Cyclone® installed base.

Abstract:

Introduction Liquid targets using top-of-foil loading concept have been succesfully employed for routine high current production of 18F and 13N at Cyclotope (Houston,TX), over the past ten years1,2. These targets are typically filled with 3.5 ml of water, then pressurized with helium gas at 22 bar and bombarded with 18MeV protons (70–100 µA). Average calculated saturation yield for produc-tion of 18F is ~7.8 GBq/µA (210 mCi/µA) using in-house recycled [18O]-water at approximately 93% enrichment. Reduction of beam power per unit of area is one of the advantages of a tilted entrance-foil geo-metry. Implementation of this target geometry on the ACSI TR19 cyclotron 25degrees upwards irradiation port results in an almost horizontal target entrance foil. A 6ml total cavity volume target allows variable liquid fill volumes of 1.2–4.5 ml for beam current operation from 30–120 µA, resulting in a very efficient use of the costly 18O-water. In a near horizontal installation as in the mayority of cyclotrons, the fill volume flexibility is drastically reduced, having a minimum fill volume of 3.3 ml.At the requirement of Laboratorios Bacon, Cyc-lotope modified the target design with a front mounted collimator compatible with the IBA Cyclone 18/9 cyclotron. A second requirement was to reduce the minimum fill volume for horizontally mounted targets to 2.5 ml or less, while maintaining saturation yield performance. To preserve compatibility with existing IBA targets, the target hardware was modified to operate in self-pressurization mode. This paper presents the results obtained with high and low volume Niobium target inserts (6ml and 4 ml) mounted near horizontally on the IBA Cyclone 18/9 cyclotron and operated in self-pressurization mode. We present pressure/current characteristics, target performance (saturation yield, produced activities, maintenance frequency, FDG yields, etc.).Material and Methods The following targets manufactured by Cyclotope were tested and routinely used for production at Laboratorios Bacon:1-High Volume Target CY2 model (“American Standard”), 6ml Niobium cavity.2-Low Volume Target, CY3a model (“Traful”), 4ml Niobium cavity. 3- Low volume Target, CY3b model (“Ferrum”), 4.1ml Niobium cavity.Results and ConclusionThe advantages of self-pressurization mode (Laboratorios Bacon setup) are:- Using the vapor pressure as a performance parameter- heat removal by boiling/condensation cycle starts at lower temperature (beam cur-rent) . While, the advantages of the pre-pressurized targets (Cyclotope setup) are:- reduced pressure fluctuations - performance is basically unaffected by plumbing dead volume- flexibility to locate instrumentation farther away from radiation fields- less dependence on fill volume- potential target leaks can be detected before starting an irradiationNo significant differences were found in target performance when operated in either pressu-rization mode. The self-pressurizing setup seems to require a sligthly lower fill volume (approxi-mately 5%).The maximum beam current was limited by the foil rupture pressure (~ 40 bar). Safe maximum operating pressure was determined as 30 bar. No foil rupture was experienced during nine months of daily irradiation of these targets in self-pressurizing mode at Laboratorios Bacon. The irradiation parameters and target performance for the different targets are shown in Tables 1 and 2 below. The low volume Traful and Ferrum targets have the best saturation activity vs. fill volume, A(sat)/V, relation. Both targets produce 310 ± 31GBq (8.4 ± 0.8 Ci) of high quali-ty fluoride (F-18) in two hours of irradiation at 70 µA. The low volume targets have a low operation pressure (20bar @ 70µA) when compared to the IBA (NIRTA XL) targets. The typical saturation activity for the low volume targets was 592 ± 59 GBq (16 ± 1.6 Ci) of F-18 at 70 µA, 8.5 GBq/µA (228 mCi/µA) using 2.7ml enriched O-18 water (98 % +). The maintenance interval (> 10 mA.h) is very conveniente to reduce personnel radiation dose. No reduction in FDG yields was observed during that operation interval. In contrast, operation of the high volume targets in pre-presurization mode at the Cyclotope facility results in a higher maximum beam current limit (135 µA) for the same operating pressure (25 bar). Nevertheless, more O-18 water will be required to irradiate at this high current (4.5 ml vs. 3.0 ml). In self-pressurizing mode, a higher filling volume will reduce the expansion volume and, in consequence, the maximum beam current.

Abstract:

In this master’s thesis the hydrolytic degradation in 18O-water solutions of six drug substances has been studied. The aim was to develop a mass spectrometric method for easier identification of degradants, since hydrolysis in 18O-water will generate degradants with higher mass compared with hydrolysis in regular water. The degradation was carried out in both acidic and basic conditions. About 10 % degradation was aimed for in the study and the storage time and conditions were adjusted to accommodate that. The samples were then analyzed with UPLC-MS. Separation was achieved on either an Acquity BEH C18 or HSS T3, 100 x 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm column. The mobile phases consisted of water and acetonitrile with the addition of 0.1 % formic acid. Structures for the detected degradants were proposed based on the molecular ion data from the regular and 18O-experiments. Most of these degradants have previously been reported. Structures for some previously unreported degradants are also proposed. These structures should need to be confirmed with future studies. The usefulness of the 18O-method has been evaluated and it was concluded that it is valuable to use as a complement to the generic hydrolytic experiment. In this study, the extra information gained from the 18O-experiment was used to confirm a number of proposed structures. It was also crucial in the rejection of two proposed structures for degradants of duloxetine. The method is most useful when confirming water involvement in reactions, for example in drug degradation. It is also a good alternative for obtaining structural information if the laboratory does not own a high-resolution MS.

Abstract:

Aktuelle Klimamodelle prognostizieren, dass viele bedeutendeWaldregionen in Mitteleuropa zukünftig einer steigenden Frequenz und höheren Intensität von Dürreperioden ausgesetzt sein werden. Buchendominierte Wälder bilden einen wichtigen Bestandteil dieser Waldregionen. Der Mangel hinsichtlich der Wasserversorgung ist eine der wichtigsten limitierenden Faktoren für das Wachstum der Pflanzen sowie der damit verbundene reduzierte Zugewinn an Kohlenstoff. Ein weiterer bedeutender Stressfaktor ist die Konkurrenz zwischen sowie innerhalb Pflanzengemeinschaften. Aufgrund dieser Tatsache ist es wichtig, die pflanzenphysiologischen Mechanismen während der Trockenheit sowie interspezifische und intra-spezifische Konkurrenz in buchendominierten Waldökosystemen zu verstehen. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht den Zusammenhang von Kohlenstoff- und Wasserhaushalt und deren Wechselwirkungen sowie die Transportwege während der Trockenheit auf unterschiedlichen räumlichen (Blattebene bis Bestandesebene) und zeitlichen (kurzfristig bis langfristig) Skalen. Insgesamt wurden sechs Arten ausgewählt (fa*gus sylvatica, Acer platanoides, Fraxinus excelsior, Impatiens noli tangere, Mercurialis annua und Allium ursinum). Alle Arten haben verschiedene Strategien entwickelt, um Konkurrenz und Trockenstress zu bewältigen, zu verhindern oder zu tolerieren. In Abhängigkeit von der Trockenstressintensität wurden geringe Effekte, in der Mesophyllleitfähigkeit (gm), intrinsische Wassernutzungseffizienz (iWUE) sowie in der Transportmenge an neuen Assimilaten beobachtet.
Current climate models predict that many important forest regions in Central Europe will experience increasing frequencies and severities of drought periods. Beech-dominated forests are an important part of these forest regions. Shortage in water supply is one of the most important limiting factors for growth of plants and thereby linked to a reduced carbon gain. Another key stressor is the competition between as well as within a plant communities. Due to this fact it is important to understand the plants physiological mechanisms during drought as well as inter-specific and intra-specific competition in beech dominated forest ecosystems. This present study documents the interrelation of carbon and water balance and the interactions of its pathways during drought on different spatial (leaf area to the stand level) and temporal scales (intra-annual to decadal). Six relevant species were selected in total (tree species: fa*gus sylvatica, Acer platanoides, Fraxinus excelsior and species from the understorey of beech dominated forests: Impatiens noli tangere, Mercurialis annua and Allium ursinum). All of them have developed various strategies to cope with competition and avoid or tolerate drought stress. Depending on the drought intensity (e.g. moderate realistic drought) small effects in mesophyll conductance (gm), intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) and amount of new assimilates within trees occurred.

Abstract:

There are four distinguishable groundwater systems in the Boise area, Idaho, U.S.A., identified as modern batholith, thermal batholith, Boise frontal fault, and Nampa-Caldwell systems (Figure 1). Modern batholith and thermal batholith groundwaters are located in Tertiary to Cretaceous aged granites and granodiorites of the Atlanta lobe of the Idaho Batholith. The frontal fault system near Boise, ID defines the southeastern edge of the Idaho Batholith, and divides the batholith from the western Snake River Plain. The Nampa-Caldwell system is in the volcanic, fluvial and pluvial sediments of the western Snake River Plain. Groundwater ages for these systems are modern, 5-15 ka, 10-20 ka, and 20-40 ka respectively. Local meteoric water lines (LMWL) using the delta 2H and delta 18O composition of the groundwater were defined for each system using linear regression techniques. LMWL had variable and defined single slopes of 6.94 and 8. Deuterium excess values (d) were found for each system for each linear regression method. Relative differences of the deuterium excess value assuming the two single slope methods were similar. Changes in moisture source humidity and temperature, and Boise area recharge temperatures calculated from stable isotopic data and the deuterium excess factor agree with other published data. At the moisture source there was a 9% humidity increase and a 7-6 °C decrease of sea surface temperature between the present and the last glacial maximum (LGM). The local temperature decreased 4-5 °C from the present to the LGM for the Boise area.

Abstract:

La plaine de la Crau (Bouches-du-Rhône, France) renferme une nappe phréatique alluviale qualifiée de « ressource patrimoniale ». Débutée il y a près de 500 ans par la création d’un réseau de canaux, la mise en culture de prairies, est encore aujourd’hui, pratiquée selon une technique d’irrigation traditionnelle par submersion. Provenant d’un autre bassin versant, les eaux d’irrigation ont un effet majeur sur la recharge de la nappe. Néanmoins l’urbanisation progressive du territoire, l’augmentation des prélèvements, et le changement climatique, menacent l’équilibre actuel de la nappe de la Crau. La préservation de cette ressource nécessite donc la production d’un outil de gestion performant prenant en compte la globalité de cet hydro-système, ainsi que sa complexité géométrique et hydrologique. Cette thèse présente une approche originale de modélisation hydrogéologique en estimant à chaque étape les variables et paramètres nécessaires de manière indépendante, réduisant ainsi un problème récurrent d’équifinalité. Constituant donc un outil prospectif fiable, ce nouveau modèle est alimenté par des scénarios réalistes permettant d’observer les impacts du changement climatique, de l’évolution de l’occupation des sols planifiée et de réductions occasionnelles de la dotation en eaux d’irrigation à l’horizon 2030. Sous les effets combinés de ces réductions de la recharge (jusqu’à -19%), la nappe phréatique de la Crau pourrait être soumise à une diminution de sa surface piézométrique allant jusqu’à 2 m entrainant l’assèchement de zones humides rares et protégées
The Crau plain (Southern France) contains an alluvial aquifer described as a regional "heritage resource". Started nearly 500 years ago by creating a network of canals, the cultivation of grasslands is even today performed using a traditional technique of irrigation by flooding. Derived from another watershed, irrigation water has a major impact on the recharge of the aquifer. Nevertheless, urbanization of the territory, increase of uptakes, and climate change threaten the existing balance of the Crau aquifer. The preservation of this resource therefore requires the production of an efficient management tool accounting for the whole hydro-system in its hydrological and geometric complexity. This thesis presents an original approach of hydrogeological modeling by independently estimating, for each step, the necessary variables and parameters, reducing a recurring problem of equifinality. Providing a reliable forecasting tool, this new model is implemented by realistic scenarios to observe the impacts of climate change, the evolution of the planned land-use, and occasional reductions of irrigation input in 2030. Under the combined effects of these recharge reductions (up to -19%) the water table could be subjected to local decreases up to 2 m, leading to the drying up of rare and protected wetlands

Abstract:

La composition isotopique de l’eau (dO18 et dD) est couramment utilisée pour étudier le cycle de l’eau actuel et passé ainsi que ses variations. Alors que dans les zones polaires, cet outil géochimique représente les fondements de la reconstitution des climats polaires passés, de multiples questions demeurent quant aux facteurs pilotant la composition isotopique de l’eau dans les tropiques.Afin de répondre à ces questions, le présent travail de thèse a porté sur la réalisation de mesures en continu de la composition isotopique de la vapeur d’eau sur l’île de La Réunion (océan Indien), ainsi que sur l’évaluation du potentiel de ces mesures pour la compréhension des processus atmosphériques humides prévalant sur cette zone géographique. L’implantation d’un spectromètre laser à l’Observatoire Atmosphérique du Maïdo nous a permis d’obtenir une chronique de trois ans de mesures.Dans un premier temps, les différentes variabilités temporelles que présentent nos mesures ont été étudiées. Les enregistrements ne montrent aucune cyclicité saisonnière sur la composition isotopique de la vapeur d’eau. Elles indiquent en revanche une forte cyclicité diurne, ainsi qu’une variabilité synoptique associée à des évènements cycloniques.Dans un second temps, nous montrons que cette cyclicité diurne résulte de phénomènes de mouvement de couche limite atmosphérique, avec une vapeur marine qui atteint l’Observatoire durant la journée, alors que des masses d’air en provenance de la troposphère libre y parviennent durant la nuit. La présence de certaines nuits significativement plus appauvries en dO18 et dD reflète (1) une modification de la circulation atmosphérique régionale avec un renforcement des subsidences au niveau de La Réunion, lié à la position du Jet Subtropical durant l’hiver austral, et (2) tantôt une intensification de la subsidence au niveau de La Réunion, tantôt des processus de condensation locaux ou régionaux durant l’été austral.Enfin, l’étude des phénomènes cycloniques indique qu’au cours de ces périodes, un fort appauvrissem*nt de la composition isotopique de la vapeur est observé. Celui-ci survient 2 à 3 jours avant et perdure jusqu’à 3 jours après le passage du système. Durant cette période, l’évolution de la composition isotopique de la vapeur d’eau présente une sous-structure. On note (1) un appauvrissem*nt isotopique qui est fonction de la distance au centre du système, (2) un enrichissem*nt isotopique au niveau du mur du système, et (3) des évolutions abruptes de la composition isotopique de la vapeur d’eau dans les bandes précipitantes dues à des processus de mélange, de condensation et/ou de recharge
The isotopic composition of water vapor (dO18 and dD) is commonly used to study present and past water cycle and its varations. If this geochemical tool has been widely used to study past polar climates, many questions remain about the factors governing the isotopic composition of water in the tropics.The goal of this thesis is (1) to monitor the isotopic composition of water vapor in Reunion island (Indian Ocean), and (2) to evaluate the potential of theses measurements for understanding humid climate processes. We have set up a laser spectrometer at the Maïdo Atmospheric Observatory, allowing us to obtain a three-year chronicle of measurements.First, we analyze the temporal variability in our measurements. The isotopic composition of water vapor does not record any seasonal cyclicity. On the other hand, a strong diurnal cycle is visible, as well as a synoptic variability associated with cyclonic events.We then focus on the diurnal cycle. We show that it results from atmospheric boundary layer motions, with a marine vapor reaching the Observatory during the day, and air masses originating from the free troposphere reaching the Observatory during the night. During some nights, vapor is significantly more depleted in dO18 and dD. During the austral winter, this phenomenon is due to a modification of the regional atmospheric circulation causing a reinforcement of subsidences at Reunion Island, related to the position of the Subtropical Jet. During the austral summer, this phenomenon is sometimes due to an intensification of the subsidence at Reunion Island, and at other times to local or regional condensation processes.Finally, we focus on cyclonic events. During these periods, a strong isotopic depletion of the vapor is observed. We show that this depletion occurs 2 to 3 days before the system and continues until 3 days after. During this period, the evolution of the isotopic composition of the water vapor has a substructure. We note (1) an isotopic depletion that is a function of the distance to the center of the system, (2) an isotopic enrichment at the system wall, and (3) an abrupt evolutions of the isotopic composition of the water vapor in the rainbands due to mixing, condensation and/or recycling processes

Abstract:

Les ressources en eau du Sahel et du Sahara sont menacées par divers facteurs : sur-exploitation, augmentation démographique et changement climatique. Le bassin du lac Tchad situé au coeur de la zone sahélienne n'échappe pas à ces problématiques. L’objectif de ce travail est de comprendre le fonctionnement hydrologique de 3 grands systèmes lacustres de ce bassin ainsi que le fonctionnement des aquifères associés. Pour cela une approche géochimique a été mise en place en couplant l’analyse des isotopes stables de la molécule d’eau, du 36Cl et du 14C. L’étude des isotopes stables couplée à de l’imagerie spatiale a permis dans un premier temps d’établir un premier bilan hydrologique des lacs Iro et Fitri. Nous calculons des flux d’entrée et de sortie et montrons leur caractère « ouvert » avec un exutoire en surface ou souterrain. La recharge de leurs aquifères respectifs est plutôt récente : présence de 36Cl thermonucléaire dans les eaux souterraines. Les lacs Ounianga situés en milieu saharien forment des oasis alimentés uniquement par le système aquifère des grès de Nubie. Divisés en deux systèmes de lacs : Ounianga Kebir et Ounianga Serir, ils présentent des fonctionnements hydrologiques différents. Le système Serir fonctionne en chaîne de lacs avec une augmentation progressive de la salinité vers le lac central, alors que les lacs du système Kebir, fonctionnent plus ou moins indépendamment les uns des autres. Les données 36Cl n’indiquent pas de 36Cl thermonucléaire, ni de décroissance radioactive comme observé dans la partie égyptienne de l’aquifère des grès de Nubie. En revanche les données 14C ont permis de dater une recharge du système aquifère il y a 10 000 ans
Surface water and groundwater are threatened all over the Sahel and the Sahara, because of ove- rexploitation, population growth and climate change that are limiting groundwater sustainable access. Lake Chad Basin, located in the middle of the Sahel zone, cannot avoid these problems.The aim of this work is to understand the hydrological functioning of three lake systems within the basin and the hydrogeological functioning of the associated aquifers with particular emphasis on the modern and past recharge. We have coupled information obtained from the stable isotopes of water, 36Cl and 14C.A first water budget has been calculated for the lakes Iro by coupling stables isotopes data with satellite imagery. We have calculated the influx and outflux and shown that these lakes are « open » i.e. with a surface or an underground outflux. The aquifer recharge is modern, since we observed thermonuclear 36Cl in the groundwater.The Ounianga Lakes are located in the Saharan part of the Lake Chad basin, where they form oasis systems fed by the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer. They are split into two distinct systems : Ounianga Kebir and Ounianga Serir with two different hydrologic functioning. The Serir part is a chain of lakes with an increasing salinity towards the central lake, while the lakes of the Kebir system are independent from each other. By contrast with Iro and Fitri, we did not observe thermonuclear 36Cl in these lakes and groundwaters. On the other hand, these samples do not show any evidence of radioactive decay of 36Cl as observed by previous studies in the Egyptian part of the aquifer. 14C data enabled us to estimate an age of recharge around 10 000 years ago

Abstract:

In this project the photodegradation of 3,5-diamino-6-chloro-N-(2-(methylamino)ethyl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide was studied. A hypothetical degradation pattern for the compound was proposed and the aim of the project was to study the formed secondary photodegradants and to, if possible, structure elucidate some of these compounds. In order to do this, the parent compound was photodegraded in two steps, where a primary photodegradant was isolated using semi-preparative supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and then further degraded into the secondary photodegradants. The photodegradation was first carried out in aqueous solution, where the parent compound was irradiated in UV-A light of 300-400 nm. This resulted in a primary photodegradant with a molecular ion of m/z = 227, where the chloride in position 6 of the pyrazine group had been replaced by a hydroxyl group. During the large scale photodegradation, prior to the preparative purification, the yield of primary photodegradant was very low due to the photodegradation being dependent on both sample volume and concentration and due to the primary photodegradant also being unstable in aqueous solution at room temperature. Due to the above mentioned difficulties the parent compound was photodegraded in methanol instead of water in order to avoid the freeze-drying process where a lot of the primary photodegradant was lost. This resulted in a primary photodegradant with a molecular ion of m/z = 241, where the chloride had been replaced by a methoxy group instead of a hydroxyl group. This compound was more stable which allowed workup by rotary evaporation, instead of freeze-drying, before the preparative purification. This primary photodegradant was isolated using semi-preparative SFC on a Viridis® BEH Prep OBD TM column (250 x 30 mm, 5 µm) and a Luna HILIC column (250 x 30 mm, 5 µm) with MeOH/NH3 100/1 v/v as organic modifier. About 1.2 mg material was isolated and further photodegradation tests in ordinary water and 18O-water were conducted. Some secondary photodegradants were observed in LC-MS analyses, and their element compositions were proposed by accurate mass results. Fundamental structures for these compounds were proposed. Further structural investigational analyses are needed for confirmation in the future.

Abstract:

Lebanon is situated in a Mediterranean semi-arid region rich in hydraulic resources but strongly under the impact of anthropogenic pressure, mainly after the industrial boost in the last 50 years. In this thesis our research is devoted to the study of water resources and the assessment of soil pollution in two contrasting watersheds that may resemble similar regions in the world. Rivers act as a collective funnel of contaminants derived from rock weathering, industrial, agricultural and urban practices. Thus we focus our study on the two main contrasting watersheds in Lebanon: an industrially dominated watershed located northwest of the country on the Mediterranean coast (Al Jouz basin), and a rural historically agricultural watershed that lies in the continental valley between the two mountainous chains (Litani basin). Geochemical analysis coupled to multi-isotopic applications was used as tools to investigate the collective influence of land-use cover, geomorphological processes, topography, soil type, geology, geography, orography, climate, and hydrological variability on drainage basin evolution. A two-year sampling strategy was followed (2011-2013) to collect not only water samples at various depths in the reservoir and in the piezometers, but also sediments (lacustrine, riverine and coastal) and soils (surficial and cores) to cover seasonal variations (rainy, first flush and dry seasons) in both studied areas. The results highlight the entire mechanism of characterization, origin, and partitioning between the dissolved and particulate phases of pollutants. Furthermore, the environmental implication of the Qaraaoun reservoir was assessed by emphasizing water hydrodynamics and its interaction with the watershed. Characterizing industrial and agricultural pollution allows the understanding of metal behavior and the prediction of its fate, in association with the environmental receiving media in semi-arid and Mediterranean areas. This work was the first to trace pollution sources and to reconstruct the metal fluxes in two of the most environmentally significant watersheds in the country. Stable and radioactive Pb isotopes were used in addition to 137Cs to study the geomorphological influence and the chronology of the environmental stress exerted by the factory and the dam on basin ecology. Moreover, the nature of the Qaraaoun reservoir and the internal hydrological dynamics were explored using stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes to delineate the reservoir water layers and its fast response to meteorological and hydrodynamic changes in the watersheds, and to demonstrate its strong hydrological connectivity with groundwater. Reservoir water balance was made, indicating groundwater influx into the reservoir which was reported for the first time. The water hydrodynamics was also assessed using a box model, which in its role can be used to evaluate the reservoir water balance and hydro-project functionality and to establish the basis for water sustainability in the long term. This work has yielded a better understanding of biogeochemical processes under different environmental conditions. The treated issues in this thesis will provide a foundation for future hydropower projects and allow one to draw a road-map for national management plans, and to raise the alert for remediation processes and management methods to preserve the environment and resource sustainability, and ultimately the wellbeing of the local population.

Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Abstract:

Water drops are present throughout our daily lives. Microscopic droplets create fog and mist, and large drops fall as rain. Because of their shape and refractive properties, water drops exhibit a wide variety of visual effects. If not directly illuminated by a light source, they are difficult to see. But if they are directly illuminated, they can become the brightest objects in the environment.This thesis has two main components. First, we will show how to create two-and three-dimensional displays using water drops and a projector. Water drops act as tiny spherical lenses, refracting light into a wide angle. To a person viewing an illuminated drop, it will appear that the drop is the same color as the incident light ray. Using a valve assembly, we will fill a volume with non-occluding water drops. At any instant in time, no ray from the projector will intersect with two drops. Using a camera, we will detect the drops locations, then illuminate them with the projector. The final result is a programmable, dynamic, and three-dimensional display.Second, we will show how to reduce the effect of water drops in videos via spatio-temporal frequency analysis, and in real life, by using a projector to illuminate everything except the drops. To remove rain (and snow) from videos, we will use a streak model in frequency space to find the frequencies corresponding to rain and snow in the video. These frequencies can then be suppressed to reduce the effect of rain and snow. We will also suppress the visual effect of water drops by selectively “missing” them by not illuminating them with a projector. In light rain, this can be performed by tracking individual drops. This kind of drop-avoiding light source could be used for many nighttime applications, such as car headlights.

Abstract:

The Persian Gulf is a shallow, semi-enclosed marginal sea where the Persian Gulf Water (PGW), one of the most saline water masses in the world, is formed due to the arid climate. The PGW flushes out of the Persian Gulf as a deep outflow and induces a surface inflow of the Indian Ocean Surface Water (IOSW), driving an inverse-estuarine type water exchange through the Strait of Hormuz. In this dissertation, the circulation and water mass transformation processes in the Persian Gulf and the water exchange with the Indian Ocean through the Strait of Hormuz, in response to the atmospheric forcing, are studied using the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). The model is driven by surface wind stress, heat and fresh water fluxes derived from two sources: the COADS (Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set) monthly climatology and high frequency (2-hourly) MM5 (The Fifth-Generation NCAR/Penn State Mesoscale Model) output. This study is motivated by the time series measurements in the Strait during December 1996 to March 1998 by Johns et al. (2003), which also serve as a major benchmark for evaluating the model results. The simulations with climatological forcing show that the IOSW propagates in two branches into the Gulf, one along the Iranian coast toward the northern gulf and the other one onto the southern banks driven by the Ekman drift by the prevailing northwesterly winds. These two branches of inflow form two cyclonic gyres in the northern and in the southern gulf respectively. Cold, saline deep waters are formed both in the northern gulf and in the southern gulf during the wintertime cooling period and their exports contribute seasonally to the outflow in the strait. After formation in winter, the dense water in the shallow southwestern gulf spills off into the strait and causes high-salinity pulses in the outflow in the strait, a phenomenon also present in the observations. The export of dense waters from the northern gulf persists throughout the year, with the largest cold water export in summer. The intrusion of the IOSW in the model extends much farther into the Gulf in summer than in winter, which is in agreement with observations. By analyzing the salt balance in the basin and conducting sensitivity experiments, we show that it is the balance between the advection of IOSW and vertical upward flux induced by vertical mixing that mainly controls the seasonal variation of the surface salinity. The surface salinity in winter is increased by upward mixing from saltier subsurface waters, which is caused by the strong vertical mixing condition maintained by the surface heat loss. Surface wind stress, which opposes the inflow and is stronger in winter than in summer, plays a secondary role in modulating the seasonal intrusion of the IOSW. The MM5 high frequency forcing, capable of resolving synoptic weather events, leads to increased heat loss in winter, enhanced vertical mixing and higher annual mean evaporation rate. In the simulation with the high frequency forcing, the waters in the gulf are generally about 3 degree C colder and 1 psu fresher than with COADS forcing, and agree better with observations. The high-frequency forcing has little effect on the export of the dense waters from the northern gulf but delays the spillage of the waters from the southern gulf to April. A notable synoptic feature of the simulations is the annual appearance of eddies along the intruding salinity front. The typical sizes of the fully developed eddies in summer are about 100 km, about 3 times of the local Rossby deformation radius, consistent with a baroclinic instability process. The existence of these eddies is confirmed in satellite images of surface temperature in the Gulf.

Abstract:

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
The main goal of this work was to analyze the effect of water and potassium and interaction between these factors parameters which are related with vegetative growth (height of the plant, diameter of trunk below of the coastal and the diameter of trunk above of the coastal) and the parameters related with nutritional situation (potassium, iron and sodium) of the precocious dwarfish cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.) variety BRS 189. A field experiment was carried out in the parcel of ground D in at Curu-Pentecoste Irrigation District, CearÃ, Brazil, from september/2005 to february/2007. The statistical design was completely randomized blocks in split-plots, with four primary treatments, four secondary and four blocks. The main treatments corresponded to four water depths (W1 = 25% ETc; W2 = 50% ETc; W3 = 100% ETc; W4 = 150% ETc) with four levels of potassium (K0 = 0 g; K1 = 30 g; K2 = 60 g; K3 = 120 g de K2O. plant-1.year-1). The crop was installed at 7.0m 7.0 m spacing, irrigated by a microsprinkle irrigation system with 50 L.h-1 emitters. The results showed that the water and interaction water and potassium were significant to none parameters analyzed. Potassium influenced significantly height of the plant and diameter of trunk below of the coastal. The height of plant presented significant influence on water level only on the treatment were none potassium was applied. As to total nutrients in the plants: potassium, iron and sodium in a plant, only potassium presented compatible significant (8.1%) to water. To crop in studies water deficit didnât limited growing of dwarfish cashew tree.
O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o efeito das lÃminas de Ãgua, dos nÃveis de potÃssio e sua interaÃÃo sobre as variÃveis relacionadas ao crescimento vegetativo (altura da planta, diÃmetro do caule abaixo e acima do enxerto) e ao estado nutricional (potÃssio, ferro e sÃdio) do cajueiro anÃo-precoce (Anacardium occidentale L.) variedade BRS 189. Para isto foi realizado um experimento no nÃcleo D do PerÃmetro Irrigado Curu-Pentecoste, CearÃ, no perÃodo de setembro de 2005 a fevereiro de 2007. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos completos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas, composto de quatro tratamentos primÃrios nas parcelas, quatro tratamentos secundÃrios nas subparcelas e quatro blocos. Os tratamentos primÃrios constituÃram-se da combinaÃÃo de quatro lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo (W1 = 25% ETc; W2 = 50% ETc; W3 = 100% ETc; W4 = 150% ETc) com quatro nÃveis de adubaÃÃo potÃssica (K0 = 0 g; K1 = 30 g; K2 = 60 g; K3 = 120 g de K2O.planta-1.ano-1) localizados nas subparcelas. A cultura foi instalada no espaÃamento de 7,0 m x 7,0 m, irrigada por um sistema de irrigaÃÃo localizada tipo microaspersÃo, com microaspersores autocompensantes de 50 L.h-1 de vazÃo. ApÃs anÃlise dos resultados verificou-se que o fator Ãgua e sua interaÃÃo nÃo apresentaram efeitos significativos em nÃvel de 5% sobre nenhuma das variÃveis analisadas. O fator potÃssio influenciou significativamente a altura de plantas e o diÃmetro do caule abaixo do enxerto em nÃveis de 5%. A altura das plantas foi significativamente influenciada em nÃvel inferior a 5%, pelo fator Ãgua, apenas para o tratamento em que nÃo ocorreu aplicaÃÃo de potÃssio. Quanto à concentraÃÃo dos nutrientes: potÃssio, ferro e sÃdio nas folhas, apenas o teor de potÃssio se apresentou com nÃveis de significÃncia compatÃveis (8,1%) em relaÃÃo ao fator Ãgua. Com base nas variÃveis analisadas, o dÃficit hÃdrico nÃo se apresentou limitante ao desenvolvimento da cultura do cajueiro anÃo-precoce.

Abstract:

Efficient exploitation and conservation of the oceans poses great technological challenges for scientists and engineers who must develop materials, structures and equipment for use in harsh environment of the oceans. For the applications of materials in marine environment, knowledge of the corrosion properties is essential for selection purposes. Presently, effort is being devoted to exploit deep-sea mineral resources. Deterioration of materials in the deep sea is due to the cumulative effect hydrostatic pressure, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity and sea current. For the first time, in-situ corrosion measurements on the effect of deep sea environment on some metallic and composite materials were carried out at depths of 500,1200,3500, and 5100 m for 168,174 and 174 days of exposure in the Indian Ocean.Corrosion rate was obtained from weight loss measurements (mm/year) and surface morphology of as-exposed and cleaned specimens of the above materials was studied under scanning electron microscope and ED AX. Galvanic coupling of steel with zinc, magnesium and aluminium were also studied.. Tensile on metal and alloys and tensile, compressive, flexure and ILSS tests on carbon fibre reinforced composite specimen were performed on exposed specimens. XRD studies were conducted on the corrosion product of materials. In order to correlate the performance of materials in deep-sea environment, seawater current and temperature data were also collected at same period Results reveal that the corrosion behaviour of steels is controlled by dissolved oxygen prevailing and corrosion rate corresponds to dissolved oxygen available at these depth levels. This is due to the fact that oxygen acts as a cathodic deploarizer during corrosion reaction of steels in seawater. Corrosion rate of aluminium increases as the depth increases. This is due to the effect of hydrostatic pressure, which reduces the ionic radii of chlorine ions and facilitates easy penetration of these ions into surface layer. Titanium, titanium alloy (Ti-6A1-4V) and stainless steels did not show any deterioration at all depths studied. Morphology of as exposed and corroded coupons reveal different features. EDS analyses on exposed specimens are analyzed in light of seawater parameters. Carbon fibre reinforced composite did not show any change in properties like tensile, compression flexural and ILSS compared to control (unexposed) specimens. The deposition of calcium carbonate on galvanically coupled mild steel with zinc, aluminium and magnesium corresponds to availability of calcium in the deep ocean. EDS analyses on exposed coupons did not reveal calcium element below the calcium carbonate compensation depth (CCD) at 3800 m in Indian Ocean. Potentiodynamic polarization studies on some metals and alloys indicate that the behaviour of materials in deep-sea environment is a cumulative effect of all oceanographic parameters.Tensile test results on stainless steels SS-304 & SS-316L), titanium and titanium alloy (exposed) specimens did not show any significant change in their tensile properties and is again attributed to the passive film formed on its surface and nearly zero corrosion rate observed. Microbiological investigations on the exposed materials indicate that except carbon fibre reinforced composite all other metals and alloys harboured bacterial colonies. Results have been used to recommend structural materials suitable for the deep-sea applications.

Abstract:

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 1998.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xv, 233 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 227-232).

Abstract:

The Global Positioning System (GPS) has been used for more than a decade for theaccurate determination of position on the earth's surface, as well as navigation. Thesystem consists of approximately thirty satellites, managed by the US Department ofDefense, orbiting at an altitude of 20 200 kilometres, as well as thousands of stationaryground-based and mobile receivers. It has become apparent from numerous studies thatthe delay of GPS signals in the atmosphere can also be used to study the amosphere,particularly to determine the precipitable water vapour (PWV) content of the troposphereand the total electron content (TEC) of the ionosphere.This dissertation gives an overview of the mechanisms that contribute to the delay ofradio signals between satellites and receivers. The dissertation then focuses on softwaredeveloped at the Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory's (HartRAO's) SpaceGeodesy Programme to estimate tropospheric delays (from which PWV is calculated) innear real-time. In addition an application of this technique, namely the improvement oftropospheric delay models used to process satellite laser ranging (SLR) data, isinvestigated. The dissertation concludes with a discussion of opportunities for futurework.
Thesis (M.Sc. (Physics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

Abstract:

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T14:38:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1Pamela_A Maldaner Pereira.pdf: 440286 bytes, checksum: 5016ef422d50ec0e0a9188c3b2d4c6eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-10
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
18 Abstract: The reuse of water in agricultural soils is an ancient and promising effective19 practice in the development of cultures and important water resources management tool.20 The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of continuous application of21 swine wastewater in different doses, associated with mineral fertilizer, in eight years of22 management in no-till system, about the chemical conditions of the soil and soybean.23 The experiment was conducted in the field in typical Dystroferric Red Oxisol with a24 very clayey texture. The wastewater doses of swine applied from the beginning in theexperimental area were 0, 100, 200, 300 m3 ha-1 25 prior to the seeding, associated with the26 presence and absence of mineral fertilizer. The results were submitted to normality tests,ANOVA and Tukey test. The dose of 100 m3 ha-1 27 of swine wastewater associated with28 mineral fertilizer was efficient nutrition soybean requirements, without causing damage29 to the soil. Attention should be paid to the possible accumulation of copper and zinc in30 the soil over the years.
Resumo: O reúso de águas em solos agrícolas é uma prática antiga e promissora eficaz4 no desenvolvimento das culturas e importante ferramenta de gestão de recursos hídricos.5 O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da aplicação continuada de água residuária6 de suinocultura em diferentes doses, associada à adubação mineral, em oito anos de7 manejo em sistema plantio direto, acerca das condições químicas do solo e da soja. O8 experimento foi desenvolvido em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico típico de textura9 muito argilosa. As doses de água residuária de suinocultura aplicadas desde o início naárea experimental foram 0, 100, 200, 300 m3 ha-1 10 antecedentes à semeadura, associadas11 à presença e ausência de adubação mineral. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos atestes de normalidade, análise de variância e teste de Tukey. A dose 100 m3 ha-1 12 de água13 residuária de suinocultura associada à adubação mineral mostrou-se eficiente às14 exigências nutricionais da soja, sem causar danos ao solo. Deve-se atentar ao possível15 acúmulo de cobre e zinco no solo ao longo dos anos.16 Palavras-chave: reúso de água, fertirrigação, dejetos suínos

Abstract:

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T14:38:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1MIRIAN_ CARLA MUMBACH.pdf: 461293 bytes, checksum: 75a3f1196bd41e9eb4f11513b5896a7c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-10
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The reuse of water in agricultural soils is an ancient and promising effective19 practice in the development of cultures and important water resources management tool.20 The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of continuous application of21 swine wastewater in different doses, associated with mineral fertilizer, in eight years of22 management in no-till system, about the chemical conditions of the soil and soybean.23 The experiment was conducted in the field in typical Dystroferric Red Oxisol with a24 very clayey texture. The wastewater doses of swine applied from the beginning in theexperimental area were 0, 100, 200, 300 m3 ha-1 25 prior to the seeding, associated with the26 presence and absence of mineral fertilizer. The results were submitted to normality tests,ANOVA and Tukey test. The dose of 100 m3 ha-1 27 of swine wastewater associated with28 mineral fertilizer was efficient nutrition soybean requirements, without causing damage29 to the soil. Attention should be paid to the possible accumulation of copper and zinc in30 the soil over the years.
O reúso de águas em solos agrícolas é uma prática antiga e promissora eficaz4 no desenvolvimento das culturas e importante ferramenta de gestão de recursos hídricos.5 O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da aplicação continuada de água residuária6 de suinocultura em diferentes doses, associada à adubação mineral, em oito anos de7 manejo em sistema plantio direto, acerca das condições químicas do solo e da soja. O8 experimento foi desenvolvido em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico típico de textura9 muito argilosa. As doses de água residuária de suinocultura aplicadas desde o início naárea experimental foram 0, 100, 200, 300 m3 ha-1 10 antecedentes à semeadura, associadas11 à presença e ausência de adubação mineral. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos atestes de normalidade, análise de variância e teste de Tukey. A dose 100 m3 ha-1 12 de água13 residuária de suinocultura associada à adubação mineral mostrou-se eficiente às14 exigências nutricionais da soja, sem causar danos ao solo. Deve-se atentar ao possível15 acúmulo de cobre e zinco no solo ao longo dos anos.

Abstract:

Recent prolonged droughts make the urgent need to revise the criteria for water use permits in Brazil, especially in basins under conflicts for water use. Mechanisms for water risks transfer are an important adaptation tool. However, in Brazil, there is no established methodology that adapts this technique to assist the water use permit instrument. Moreover, there is no water risk insurance methodology with uncertainty analysis that complements its effectiveness in reducing losses from extreme events. Hydrologic modelling is the basis for development of these tools, which carries uncertainties that must be considered in decision-making. The objectives of this project were: i) coupling climatic, hydrologic and water insurance models to evaluate the use permit decision-making; ii) analyse sensitivity of performance indicators of a water risk insurance model through the application of different hydrologic models driven by climate change projections. The methodology was applied in donor basins of the Cantareira Water Supply System, which supplies water to an important metropolitan region that showed itself vulnerable to hydrologic extremes in the last years. The MHD-INPE and SWAT hydrologic models were applied, driven by the Eta- HadGEM2-ES climate model projections to characterize the future hydrologic regime in the region and also to compare the structure, performances and gaps of the models. Structural differences are most likely the greater responsible for the results differences, though no result could be identified as \"more certain\". With the hydrologic models outputs fitted the the Gumbel extreme values distribution, a proposed insurance fund simulator, MTRH-SHS, was run with 100 equiprobable scenarios of 50-year annual low-flow events to calculated an optimized premium capable of paying all indeminities of hydrologic drought. Besides the future hydrologic regimes, water demand scenarios were also tested. The optimized premiums were compared to the local GDP to assess the apparent affordability of the insurance, with some premium representing up to 0.54% of local GDP, but in the water resources management framework, the decision should be made collectively by several actors within the basin's committee.
Recentes estiagens fazem reconsiderar a necessidade de aperfeiçoar critérios de outorga de água no Brasil, especialmente em bacias com conflitos pelo uso da água. Seguros (transferência de risco) são importante ferramenta de adaptação. Contudo, no Brasil ainda não há metodologia consolidada que adapte esta técnica para auxiliar o instrumento de outorga de recursos hídricos. Ainda, não há metodologia de seguros hídricos com análise de incertezas, complementando sua efetividade ao reduzir os prejuízos advindos de eventos extremos. Modelos hidrológicos são a base de desenvolvimento destas ferramentas e carregam incertezas que devem ser integralizadas nos processos de decisão. Os objetivos deste projeto foram: i) acoplar modelos: climático, hidrológico e de seguros hídricos para a avaliação do processo de decisão de outorga; ii) realizar análise de sensibilidade dos indicadores de desempenho de modelo de seguros hídricos com diferentes modelos hidrológicos sob cenários de mudanças do clima. A metodologia foi aplicada nas bacias doadoras do Sistema Cantareira, que abastece importante região metropolitana e mostrou-se vulnerável a extremos hidrológicos nos últimos anos. Os modelos hidrológicos MHD-INPE e SWAT foram aplicados, forçados pelas projeções climáticas do modelo Eta-HadGEM2-ES a fim de caracterizar o regime hidrológico future na região, assim como comparar a estrutura, diferenças e performances dos modelos hidrológicos. As diferenças estruturais são provavelmente as maiores responsáveis pela diferença nos resultados, embora não seja possível apontar um modelo "melhor" que o outro. As saídas dos modelos foram ajustadas na distribuição de Gumbel e utilizada no modelo proposto de simulação de fundo de seguros, MTRH-SHS, rodado com 100 séries equiprováveis de 50 anos de eventos mínimos anuais. A cada série um prêmio otimizado é calculado para cobrir todas as indenizações de seca hidrológica. Além das projeções hidrológicas, cenários de demanda foram testados. Os prêmios otimizados foram comparados com o PIB local para demonstrar a viabilidade em implementar o seguro. Os valores representam até 0.54% do PIB local em um dos casos, mas na gestão de recursos hídricos, a decisão final pela implementação deve ser feita no âmbito do comitê de bacias por múltiplos atores.

Abstract:

Free water can be a limiting factor to wildlife in arid regions of the world. In the western United States, management agencies have installed numerous, expensive wildlife water developments (e.g. catchments, guzzlers, wells) to: 1) increase the distribution or density of target species, 2) influence animal movements, and 3) mitigate for the loss of available free water. Despite over 50 years as an active management practice, water developments have become controversial for several species. We lack an integrated understanding of the ways free water influences animal populations. In particular, we have not meshed understanding of evolutionary adaptations that reduce the need for free water and behavioral constraints that may limit use of otherwise available free water with management practices. I propose a conceptual framework for understanding more generally how, when, and where wildlife water developments are likely to benefit wildlife species. I argue that the following five elements are fundamental to an integrated understanding: 1) consideration of the variable nature in time and space of available free water, 2) location and availability of pre-formed and/or metabolic water, 3) seasonal temperature and precipitation patterns that influence the physiological need for water, 4) behavioral constraints that limit use of otherwise available free water, and 5) proper spacing of water sources for target species. I developed this framework from work done primarily with chukars (Alectoris chukar). I also report supporting evidence from research with mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). Chukars demonstrated a spatial response to available free water when estimates of dietary moisture content were < 40%. Mule deer photo counts were reduced at water sources with small-perimeter fencing, suggesting increased predation risk caused mule deer to behaviorally avoid use of otherwise available free water. When all five framework elements are considered, I found strong evidence that wildlife water developments have benefited some chukar populations. Historic chukar counts suggested a population benefit following installation of wildlife water developments. Experimental removal of access to free water caused increased movements and decreased survival of adult chukars.

Abstract:

Located in central Washington State, Banks Lake serves as an irrigation storage reservoir for the Columbia Basin Irrigation Project and is home to a diverse fisheries population. The current hydrologic management strategies used for Banks Lake have been chosen to serve two purposes: to adequately store and provide irrigation water for the Columbia Basin Irrigation Project and to maintain a healthy aquatic environment suitable for the growth and habitation of local flora and fauna. Increased needs for irrigation water within arid central Washington poses additional challenges to reservoir managers so that irrigation needs are met without damaging the present aquatic environment within Banks Lake. Future plans by the Washington Department of Ecology to use Banks Lake storage to replenish ground water reserves of the Odessa Subarea aquifer have required an investigation into how increased seasonal drawdown may affect fish growth, fish habitat and overall limnology of Banks Lake. The goal of this project is to produce a hydrodynamic and water quality model of Banks Lake that can predict the impacts of management strategies on the lake's water quality and the linkage of lake management to fish habitat.

Abstract:

Water quantity, availability and, particularly, quality of Brazilian freshwater is under progessive degradation due to Anthropocene\'s environmental changing conditions. Strategies of Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) are essential to mitigate these impacts. This Ph.D. thesis proposes a new model of water resources management, thereby integrating selfpurification and ecohydrologic processes to evaluate ecosystem services from watershed under change. In Chapter 2, this thesis examinates the payment for hydrologic cosystem services (Water-PES) in Brazilian Atlantic Forest and points ecohydrologic variables useful for assessing and further valuing hydrologic services. In Chapter 3, this thesis discusses proposals for freshwater monitoring plan which integrate quali-quantitative aspects for EbA and Water-PES projects. Therefore, in Chapter 4 experimental quali-quantative freshwater data from in-situ field observations are investigated according land-use/land-cover (LULC) in headwaters of water supply systems. In Chapter 5, through simulated impacts on freshwater yield from scenarios of LULC change, the grey water footprint (greyWF) is assessed, as well as environmental sustainability of sub-basins is depicted from a new ecohydrologic index for assessing hydrologic services. The methodology is performed using through field sampling and lab-analysing of physico-chemical, biologic and hydraulic variables in nested sub-basins draining to the Cantareira Water Supply System, in Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais states, Brazil. These areas participate in the Water-PES projects Water Producer/PCJ and Water Conservator at headwaters of Piracicaba watershed, during recent severe drought conditions between years 2013-15. The greyWF is estimated from outputs of time series simulated through ecohydrologic model Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Under assumption of continuity of Water-PES projects, and using the same series of hydrometorological records for a common period (2008-2014), freshwater quali-quantitative impacts are performed through three LULC scenarios: past situation \"S1\" (year 1990), current situation \"S2\" (year 2010) and future situation \"S2+EbA\" (year 2035). From these scenarios, flow and load duration curves, mean water yields, greyWF and seasonal variabilities, were simulated. Through this research, continuous-monitoring Data Collecting Stations were installed in public-private partnership encompassing EESC/USP, ANA, CPRM, CEMADEN, SMA, TNC, WWF and local mayors. This continuous monitoring is addressed to increase the system resilience, based on better decision-making for water security, in strategic headwaters not only for water supply, but also for environmental conservation. This doctoral thesis brings contributions to a better comprehension of anthropic impacts on water resources and for strategies of EbA in front of progressive rates of losses of ecosystem services. This PhD. thesis was part of three research initiatives which partly granted activities: (1) Thematic Project FAPESP 2008/58161-1 \"Assessment of Impacts and Vulnerability to Climate Change in Brazil and Strategies for Adaptation Options\"; (2) \"INCLINE - INterdisciplinary CLimate INvEstigation Center\" (NapMC/USP Núcleo de Apoio às Pesquisas em Mudanças Climáticas) and (3) \"Água Brasil\" Project, Banco do Brasil Foundation, WWF Brazil, ANA & FIPAI/EESC-USP.
A quantidade, a disponibilidade e, em particular, a qualidade da água doce está em degradação progressiva devido às mudanças ambientais no Antropoceno. Estratégias de adaptação baseadas em ecossistemas (EbA) são essenciais para reduzir estes impactos. Propõe-se um novo modelo de gerenciamento de recursos hídricos que integre a pegada hídrica cinza e processos ecohidrológicos para avaliação dos serviços hidrológicos em bacias hidrográficas sob mudanças. As etapas da pesquisa são: Capítulo 2 – análise dos projetos de pagamentos por serviços ambientais de proteção às bacias hidrográficas na Mata Atlântica brasileira e, no contexto de EbA, indicação de variáveis ecohidrológicas úteis na quantificação e futura valoração dos serviços hidrológicos; Capítulo 3 – desenvolvimento de plano de monitoramento ecohidrológico que integra aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos dos recursos hídricos para projetos de EbA; Capítulo 4 – provisão de dados experimentais de qualidade e quantidade da água, além de observações in-situ, para investigação das influências das mudanças de uso e ocupação do solo nas cabeceiras de mananciais, estratégicos para o abastecimento público e a conservação ambiental; Capítulo 5 – estimativas da pegada hídrica cinza para nitrato, fósforo total e sedimentos a partir do monitoramento de variáveis quali-quantitativas em bacias com diferentes condições de uso e ocupação de solo. Foi realizada a instalação de três Plataformas de Coleta de Dados, por meio de parceria entre EESC, ANA, CPRM, CEMADEN, SMA, TNC e WWF, visando aumentar a resiliência do sistema, decorrente de futuro aprimoramento da gestão, para a segurança hídrica. A metodologia incluiu coletas em seis diferentes períodos, durante dois anos, e análises das variáveis condutividade elétrica, cor, DQO, DBO5,20, nitrato, nitrito, nitrogênio amoniacal, fosfato, pH, turbidez, sólidos totais, coliformes termotolerantes, Escherichia coli, medidas de vazões e velocidades médias em seções transversais. O método foi aplicado em microbacias participantes dos projetos Produtor de Água/PCJ e Conservador das Águas, dentre outras, com áreas de drenagem entre 7 e 1.000 km2, que contribuem para a bacia do rio Piracicaba (12.530 km2). Dados primários, medidos em recente período de severa estiagem no Sistema Cantareira (2013-14), foram integrados aos bancos de dados de órgãos gestores federais e estaduais. A produção de água foi maior em sub-bacias menos florestadas. Foi possível aprimorar a regionalização de cargas poluidoras por área de drenagem na região do Cantareira. A pegada hídrica cinza (WF) foi estimada a partir de simulações no modelo ecohidrológico Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Curvas de permanência de vazões e carga poluidora por área de drenagem foram elaboradas. Supondo-se a continuidade dos projetos \"Produtor de Água/PCJ\" e \"Conservador das Águas\", foram investigados os impactos de cenário futuro de uso do solo. Finalmente, foi desenvolvido novo índice ecohidrológico para quantificação dos serviços hidrológicos e avaliação a sustentabilidade das sub-bacias, a partir da pegada hídrica cinza composta. Assim, usando ferramentas de vanguarda tecnológica (SWAT e WF), a tese fornece subsídios para uma melhor compreensão dos impactos antropogênicos sobre os recursos hídricos e novas estratégias de adaptação baseada em ecossistemas, frente às progressivas taxas de perda de serviços ambientais. Esta tese esteve vinculada a três projetos de pesquisa, dos quais obteve apoio financeiro: (1) Projeto Temático FAPESP 2008/58161-1 \"Assessment of Impacts and Vulnerability to Climate Change in Brazil & Strategies for Adaptation Options\"; (2) \"INCLINE - INterdisciplinary CLimate INvEstigation Center\" (NapMC/USP) e (3) Projeto \"Água Brasil\", Fundação Banco do Brasil, WWF Brasil, ANA e FIPAI/EESC-USP.

Abstract:

Thesis (M. Tech. (Agriculture)) -- Central University of Technology, Free state, 2014
The main objective of the study was to determine the effect of different potassium concentrations and water quality (salt) compared with the current scientifically accepted potassium threshold level and standardised water quality on the yield, oil composition and leaf morphology of rose geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L.) when grown in different potting-bag sizes and root media under temperature controlled condition.To achieve this objective, two trials were conducted. The first experiment evaluated potassium concentrations at 1.3, 3.3, 5.3 and 7.3 mmol L-1 and potting-bag size of 5 and 10 L. Treatments were arranged in a randomised complete block design assigned in a split plot layout. The main plots consisted of potassium concentration and the pottingbag sizes were allocated to sub-plots. Plant height, potassium content, linalool, geraniol, geranyl formate and the citronellol to geraniol ratio (C:G) were affected by potassium. Plant height, number of branches, the branch to height ratio (B:H), foliar fresh mass (FFM) and oil yield were significantly increased when 5 L potting bags were used. Plant foliar mass was significantly increased by the interaction between 5.3 mmol K L-1 and 5 L potting bags. In the second experiment salt levels applied at 1.6, 2.4, 3.2 and 4.0 mS cm-1 and root media (sand and sawdust) were evaluated. A split plot experimental layout was also used in this trial, with the salt levels allocated to the main plots. The sub-plots were allocated to the root medium. High salt level of 4.0 mS cm-1 reduced the number of leaves, plant height, number of branches, B:H ratio, leaf area, chlorophyll content and foliar fresh mass significantly. The number of leaves, leaf area and FFM were significantly increased where sawdust was used. Time of the day significantly affected stomatal conductance, and the opening of most stomata occurred at 10:00. Geranyl formate and the C:G ratio were significantly affected by salt at 4.0 mS cm-1. Salt induced the development of capitates trichomes. The abaxial leaf surface had a higher number of trichomes than the adaxial leaf surface. A strong polynomial (r2=0.97) relationship was found between capitates trichomes and salt levels. High densities of capitates trichomes were found at high salt level of 4.0 mS cm-1. Although the development of asciiform trichomes was induced, it was at an insignificant level. Trichome densities are therefore not affected by salt. It was therefore concluded that the application of 5.3 mmol K L-1 concentration and the use of 5 L potting bags improves the yield and oil quality of rose geranium. It was evident from this study that rose geranium might Salt inducedhave some degree of tolerance to salt. It was therefore concluded that rose geranium is a moderately salt-sensitive crop.

Abstract:

18-methyl eicosanoic acid (18-MEA), which is a branched fatty acid, is found at the outermost surface of mammalian hair with other straight-chain fatty acids such as palmitic acid and stearic acid. However, the precise role of 18-MEA is not yet completely understood. 18-MEA on Cadmium chloride subphase forms curvature at the water/air interface, leading to the formation of 3D-domains that can be easily transferred into solid support allowing to create complex and multi-functional structures. This project investigates if a non-toxic subphase would also lead to the formation of 3D-domains or if it is an intrinsic property of Cadmium chloride; and to investigate if the domain properties were tuneable. A combination of the Langmuir trough and the Atomic Force Microscopy is used. It is shown that a toxic subphase is not necessary and a more benign sodium subphase can be used to obtain 3D-domains. It is also shown that different chains length interact dissimilarly with the branched fatty acid. This results in the formation of very various structures. It is also shown that the subphase, the surface pressure of deposition and the composition of the fatty acid in the monolayer affect the properties of the domain, leading to different size of domain but also different morphology in the domain. Circular domains, elongated domains, continuous labyrinthine structures, dendritic centipede-like structures and no domains are obtained.
På den yttersta ytan av däggdjurshår återfinns den grenade fettsyran 18-methyleikosansyra tillsammans en mindre mängd av de raka fettsyrornapalmitinsyra och stearinsyra. Den exakta rollen av 18-MEA är dock ännu inte heltklarlagd. Ett monoskikt av 18-MEA på en subfas innehållande kadmiumklorid påtvingar en krökning av vatten–luftgränsytan. Det leder till bildandet av 3D-domäner som lätt kan överföras från vattenytan till fasta ytor vilket möjliggör att dekorera dessa ytor med komplexa och multifunktionella strukturer. Detta projekt undersöker om andra, miljövänliga motjoner i subfasen också skulle leda till bildandet av 3D-domäner eller om det är en inneboende egenskap hos kadmiumklorid. Det här ger även insikt om hur motjoner kan användas för att påverka och kontrollera domänbildningen. En kombination av Langmuirtråg och atomkraftsmikroskopi används för att karakterisera monoskikten. Det visas att en subfas innehållande kadmium inte är nödvändig och att en mer miljövänlig natriumsubfas kan användas för att bilda 3D-domäner. Det visas också att olika kedjors längd interagerar olika med den grenade fettsyran 18-MEA, vilket resulterar i bildandet av olika strukturer i deponerade monoskikt. Det visas också att yttrycket vid deponering och sammansättningen av fettsyror i mono skiktet påverkar egenskaperna hos monoskiktet, vilket leder till varierande storlek och struktur på de bildade domänerna, där cirkulära och långsträckta domäner, kontinuerliga labyrintstrukturer och dendritiska tusenfotingsliknande strukturer observeras.

Abstract:

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 1998.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 137 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 117-124).

Abstract:

Holocene and Pleistocene grainstone deposits surrounding Ocean Cay located on the western margin of Great Bahama Bank provide key evidence for the comprehension of patterns, processes and petrophysical heterogeneity of carbonate grainstone shoals. New datasets consisting of high-resolution remote sensing data, acoustic Doppler current measurements, sub-bottom profiles, and sedimentological and petrophysical analyses offer an opportunity to elucidate the various factors in the deposition of a grainstone shoal complex and assess of how much of the sedimentary fabric and early diagenetic overprint influences the petrophysical characteristics of similar ancient deposits. The Holocene shoal complex investigated here includes the Cat Cay ooid shoal and the Ocean Cay tidal deltas, which collectively form a 1-3 km wide, 35 km long sand belt around Ocean Cay. These factors controlling the distribution, preservation and modification of these sediments are the antecedent Pleistocene topography, bathymetry, and hydrodynamics at this margin. High-resolution seismic data reveal that the laterally continuous and thick Cat Cay ooid shoal north of Ocean Cay is situated on top of a flat Pleistocene surface and located platformward of a Pleistocene rock ridge. This finding challenges the assumption of previous studies that an antecedent high is needed for ooid shoal initiation. In contrast, south of Ocean Cay, skeletal-rich tidal deltas occur east of rocky Pleistocene islands and formed over an irregular Pleistocene surface that is slightly shallower than the flat surface north of Ocean Cay. In addition to the antecedent topography, differences in shoal morphology and sediment attributes between the north and south areas around Ocean Cay are related to linkages among fluid flow patterns, shoal morphology and granulometry. The hydrodynamic data document the influence of tidal flows in modifying the shape of bars creating sinuous and parabolic forms during flood and ebb reversing flows. Spatial distribution of grain size and sorting is affected because high flow velocities (up to 100 cm sec-1) inside tidal channels and inlets can erode and remobilized sediments mixing skeletal grains, peloids and ooids. Dominance of flood tide across this Holocene shoal complex allowed tidal deltas to form bankward of inlets between rock islands. Tidal channels and inter-bar troughs can focus tidal flow during flood tide creating lobes platformward instead of previously assumptions on the effect of storm and formation of spillover lobes bankward. Cores from the subsurface at Ocean Cay show that the architecture of the Pleistocene grainstone facies is similar to the Holocene shoal configuration of bars, channels, and bioturbated stabilized areas. Cross-bedded oolitic/peloidal and bioturbated skeletal/peloidal facies exhibit facies-dependent petrophysical heterogeneity, and reveal depositional and early diagenetic controls on petrophysical properties. Porosity and permeability in the grainstones at Ocean Cay are high, up to 47% and up to 11500 mD, respectively. Early diagenesis modifies the pore geometry of the rock, thus reducing permeability. A comparison of petrographic and petrophysical properties of the Pleistocene shoal with those from the Pennsylvanian ooid shoals reveals that were strongly influenced by the original fabric and early near-surface diagenesis. The integration of data from both the modern and ancient carbonate systems provides a better understanding of the factors controlling shoal morphology, facies architecture, and rock properties. The results of this study can be used as a guide for interpreting heterogeneity and reservoir properties of analogous facies within ancient ooid shoals.

Abstract:

Pursuant to the federal Clean Water Act (CWA), when a water body has been listed as impaired, Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) for the water quality constituents causing the impairment must be developed. A TMDL is the maximum daily mass flux of a pollutant that a waterbody can receive and still safely meet water quality standards. The development of a TMDL and demonstrating compliance with a TMDL requires pollutant load estimation. By definition, a pollutant load is the time integral product of flows and concentrations. Consequently, the accuracy of pollutant load estimation is highly dependent on the accuracy of runoff volume estimation. Runoff volume estimation requires the development of reasonable transfer functions to convert precipitation into runoff. In cold climates where a large proportion of precipitation falls as snow, the accumulation and ablation of snowpack must also be estimated. Sequential data assimilation techniques that stochastically combine field measurements and model results can significantly improve the prediction skill of snowmelt and runoff models while also providing estimates of prediction uncertainty. Using the National Weather Service's SNOW-17 and the Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting (SAC-SMA) models, this study evaluates particle filter based data assimilation algorithms to predict seasonal snow water equivalent (SWE) and runoff within a small watershed in the Lake Tahoe Basin located in California. A non-linear regression model is then used that predicts suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) based on runoff rate and time of year. Runoff volumes and SSC are finally combined to provide an estimate of the average annual sediment load from the watershed with estimates of prediction uncertainty. For the period of simulation (10/1/1991 to 10/1/1996), the mean annual suspended sediment load is estimated to be 753 tonnes/yr with a 95% confidence interval about the mean of 626 to 956 tonnes/yr. The 95% prediction interval for any given year is estimated to range from approximately 86 to 2,940 tonnes/yr.

Abstract:

Deforestation of the Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) region has caused major changes in hydrological processes. These changes in water balance and soil erosion are still poorly understood, but are important for making land management decisions in this region. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the magnitudes of hydrological processes and soil erosion changes on local, regional and continental scales, and the consequences that are generated. The main objective of the study presented in this doctoral thesis was to better understand the mechanism of hydrological processes and soil erosion in the Cerrado. To achieve that, I worked with different scales (hillslope, watershed and continental) and using data from experimental field, laboratory, and remote sensing. The literature review reveals that the annual rainfall erosivity in Brazil ranges from 1672 to 22,452 MJ mm ha-1 h-1 yr-1. The smallest values are found in the northeastern region, and the largest in the north and the southeastern region. I found that the canopy interception may range from 4 to 20% of gross precipitation and stemflow around 1% of gross precipitation in the cerrado. The average runoff coefficient was less than 1% in the plots under cerrado and that the deforestation has the potential to increase up to 20 fold the runoff coefficient value. The results indicate that the Curve Number method was not suitable to estimate runoff under undisturbed Cerrado, bare soil (hydrologic soil group A), pasture, and millet. Therefore, in these cases the curve number is inappropriate and the runoff is more aptly modeled by the equation Q = CP, where C is the runoff coefficient. The water balance from the remote sensing data across the Brazilian Cerrado indicates that the main source of uncertainty in the estimated runoff arises from errors in the TRMM precipitation data. The water storage change computed as a residual of the water budget equation using remote sensing data (TRMM and MOD16) and measured discharge data shows a significant correlation with terrestrial water storage change obtained from the GRACE data. The results show that the GRACE data may provide a satisfactory representation of water storage change for large areas in the Cerrado. The average annual soil loss in the plots under bare soil and cerrado were 15.25 t ha-1 yr-1 and 0.17 t ha-1 yr-1, respectively. The Universal Soil Loss Equation cover and management factor (C-factor) for the plots under native cerrado vegetation was 0.013. The results showed that the surface runoff, soil erosion and C-factor for the undisturbed Cerrado changes between seasons. The greatest C-factor values were found in the summer and fall. The results found in this doctoral thesis provide benchmark values of the water balance components and soil erosion in the Brazilian Cerrado that will be useful to evaluate past and future land cover and land use changes for this region. In addition, I conclude that the remote sensing data are useful to evaluate the water balance components over Cerrado regions, identify dry periods, and assess changes in water balance due to land cover and land use change.
O desmatamento nas regiões de Cerrado tem causado intensas mudanças nos processos hidrológicos. Essas mudanças no balanço hídrico e erosão do solo são ainda pouco entendidas, apesar de fundamentais na tomada de decisão de uso e manejo do solo nesta região. Portanto, torna-se necessário compreender a magnitude das mudanças nos processos hidrológicos e de erosão do solo, em escalas locais, regionais e continentais, e as consequências dessas mudanças. O principal objetivo do estudo apresentado nesta tese de doutorado foi de melhor entender os mecanismos dos processos hidrológicos e de erosão do solo no Cerrado Brasileiro. Para tanto, utilizou-se diferentes escalas de trabalho (vertentes, bacias hidrográficas e continental) e usando dados experimentais in situ, de laboratório e a partir de sensoriamento remoto. O estudo de revisão de literatura indica que a erosividade da chuva no Brasil varia de 1672 to 22,452 MJ mm ha-1 h-1 yr-1. Os menores valores encontram-se na região nordeste e os maiores nas regiões norte e sudeste do Brasil. Verificou-se que os valores de interceptação da chuva variam de 4 a 20% e o escoamento pelo tronco aproximadamente 1% da precipital total no cerrado. O coeficiente de escoamento superficial foi menor que 1% nas parcelas de cerrado e o desmatamento tem o potencial de aumentar em até 20 vezes esse valor. Os resultados indicam que o método Curve Number não foi adequado para estimar o escoamento superficial nas áreas de cerrado, solo exposto (grupo hidrológico do solo A), pastagem e milheto. Portanto, nesses casos o uso do CN é inadequado e o escoamento superficial é melhor estimado a partir da equação Q = CP, onde C é o coeficiente de escoamento superficial. O balanço hídrico a partir de dados de sensoriamento remoto para todo o Cerrado Brasileiro indica que a principal fonte de incerteza na estimativa do escoamento superficial ocorre nos dados de precipitação do TRMM. A variação de água na superfície terrestre calculada como o residual da equação do balanço hídrico usando dados de sensoriamento remoto (TRMM e MOD16) e valores observados de vazão mostram uma correlação significativa com os valores de variação de água na superfície terrestre provenientes dos dados do GRACE. Os dados do GRACE podem representar satisfatoriamente a variação de água na superfície terrestre para extensas regiões do Cerrado. A média anual de perda de solo nas parcelas de solo exposto e cerrado foram de 15.25 t ha-1 yr-1 and 0.17 t ha-1 yr-1, respectivamente. O fator uso e manejo do solo (fator C) da Universal Soil Loss Equation para o cerrado foi de 0.013. Os resultados mostraram que o escoamento superficial, erosão do solo e o fator C na área de cerrado variam de acordo com as estações. Os maiores valores do fator C foram encontrados no verão e outono. Os resultados encontrados nesta tese de doutorado fornecem valores de referência sobre os componentes do balanço hídrico e erosão do solo no Cerrado, que podem ser úteis para avaliar o uso e cobertura do solo atual e futuro. Além disso, conclui-se que os dados de sensoriamento remoto apresentam resultados satisfatórios para avaliar os componentes do balanço hídrico no Cerrado, identificar os períodos de seca e avaliar as alterações no balanço hídrico devido à mudanças de uso e cobertura do solo.

Abstract:

Abrasive waterjet (AWJ) cutting is a versatile technique which has been effectively applied to rock cutting since the late 1980s. The complexity of the interaction between the waterjet and the rocks complicates the thorough understanding of the phenomena involved in AWJ rock cutting. On one hand, rocks are complex materials which are generated through different processes in an uncontrolled environment without human interference. On the other hand, the AWJ acts with high velocity and turbulence, complicating direct observation and the perception of details. In this respect, the present research aims to contribute to the study of AWJ cutting applied to rocks, including the analysis of qualitative and quantitative information, both of great importance regarding the study of complex materials. Concerning quantitative data, special attention is given to the investigation of the cutting efficiency, which can be analyzed by observing conditions in which the higher cutting rate is associated with the minimum energy provided by the AWJ machine per removed volume of rock. Moreover, the real efficiency can be analyzed through the investigation of the conditions in which the major part of the energy provided by the AWJ machine is used effectively for rock cutting, deducting dissipation losses. The effects of varying traverse velocity and pump pressure on cutting parameters were also investigated, in addition to the influence of rock properties on the effective energy of cutting. The effective energy was calculated based both on the specific energy and specific destruction work of the materials. With respect to the qualitative investigation, petrographic and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were conducted in order to visualize and better understand the different effects of cutting on the studied rocks. Cutting tests with a traverse velocity of 200 mm/min and a pump pressure of 400 MPa presented the most efficient rock cutting regarding both methods of efficiency analysis. Dry density and tensile strength presented fair correlations with the effective cutting energy, while the modulus ratio presented the best correlations. It was observed that brittleness plays a key role in the understanding of the phenomena involved in AWJ rock cutting.
O jato d\'água abrasivo (AWJ) é uma técnica versátil que tem sido efetivamente aplicada ao corte de rochas desde o fim da década de 1980. A complexidade da interação entre o jato e as rochas dificulta a compreensão detalhada dos fenômenos envolvidos no corte de rochas com AWJ. Por um lado, rochas são materiais complexos gerados em ambientes sem interferência humana. Por outro lado, o AWJ age com alta velocidade e turbulência, dificultando a observação direta do procedimento. Assim, a presente tese de doutorado visa a contribuir com o estudo do corte de rochas com AWJ, incluindo análises de dados qualitativos e quantitativos, ambos de grande importância em estudos de materiais complexos. A análise quantitativa possui foco na investigação da eficiência de corte, a qual pode ser analisada por meio da observação das condições em que há a maior taxa de corte associada à mínima energia fornecida pelo AWJ por volume de rocha removido. Além disso, a eficiência real do corte pode ser analisada a partir da investigação das condições em que a maior parte da energia fornecida pelo AWJ é usada para efetivamente cortar a rocha, descontando perdas por dissipação. Os efeitos da variação da velocidade transversal de corte e da pressão da bomba nos parâmetros de corte também foram investigados, além da influência das propriedades das rochas na energia efetiva de corte. A energia efetiva de corte, denominada energia relativa de formação da ranhura (EKR), foi calculada com base na energia específica e no trabalho de destruição específico dos materiais. Análises de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM) e petrografia foram conduzidas para visualizar e compreender melhor os diferentes efeitos do corte nas rochas estudadas. Os testes de corte realizados com velocidade transversal do bocal de 200 mm/min e pressão da bomba de 400 MPa apresentaram as melhores eficiências de corte considerando-se ambos os métodos de análise de eficiência. Dentre as propriedades das rochas investigadas, a massa específica e a resistência à tração por compressão diametral apresentaram correlações razoáveis com EKR, enquanto que o modulus ratio apresentou as melhores correlações. Observou-se que a ruptibilidade possui papel fundamental na compreensão dos fenômenos envolvidos no corte de rochas com AWJ.

Abstract:

Numerous organic reagents of diverse structural composition are employed in the froth flotation process for the beneficiation of non-metallic and sulphide ores. Alkyl xanthates are used as collectors for sulphide ores while amines and fatty acids are used for non-metallic ore beneficiation. Although these collector reagents react preferentially with the concerned minerals in the treated ore pulp, excess and unreacted concentration of these organic collectors end up in the mill process effluents. It has been known that even small concentrations of these organic reagents in water streams are toxic to water life, besides their deleterious influence on end stream processes during recycling. Bioremediation has long been recognised as an inexpensive, flexible and environmentally benign technique for waste water treatment. These organic flotation reagents are amenable to biological degradation.The major objective of this work is the degradation of solubilized collector reagents from aqueous solutions using a microbial technique. Bacillus polymyxa, a Gram-positive, neutrophilic, periflagellated heterotroph that occurs indigenously in soils and certain mineral deposits has been used in the bioremediation studies. Organic flotation reagents namely, dodecyl ammonium acetate (DAA), which is used as a collector for oxides and silicates, sodium isopropylxanthate which finds application in sulphide flotation and sodium oleate, mainly used for oxide and salt-type minerals, have been chosen for the degradation studies. Pure minerals of galena, pyrite, magnetite, quartz and calcite have been typically selected for these investigations.The growth of Bacillus polymyxa in the presence of these organic reagents at different concentrations has been assessed and the degradation of these reagents monitored. Attempts have been made to grow the bacterium in the presence of the organic reagents, both in the absence and presence of sucrose, by adaptation technique. Electrokinetic studies on the chosen minerals namely, galena, pyrite, quartz, calcite and magnetite have been carried out both in the presence of the organic reagents and Bacillus polymyxa cells or metabolite. Biological stripping of the adsorbed collector reagents from the mineral surfaces have been examined through FTIR spectroscopy. The progress of bioremoval of the organic reagents along with the generation of newer reaction products has also been monitored through uv-visible spectroscopic technique.The results of this study highlight that Bacillus polymyxa and its metabolic products bring about the degradation of the chosen organic flotation collectors. Further, the bacteria are able to utilise the collector reagents as carbon source for their growth, in the absence of added organic carbon (sucrose). Electrokinetic studies and examination by FTIR spectroscopy reveal that consequent to interaction with Bacillus polymyxa, significant surface modification on the mineral takes place. Probable mechanisms in the biodegradation processes are illustrated. Biological metabolic products responsible for bringing about the bio-deterioration have been analysed and characterised.

Abstract:

Enterococci levels are measured to assess water safety in recreational beaches through a state surveillance program. This surveillance informs the public of beach safety, yet the sampling methodology is limited to only making an advisory posting one sample at a time. This methodology poses a challenge for managers such as: 24 hour advisory waiting period, untested days and extreme variability of enterococci levels in the environment. Therefore, there is a need to integrate adaptive management methodologies that can assist managers to proactively assess beach water safety. This study explored the utility of a historical analysis and logistic regression modeling as a method and as an advisory tool. The analysis utilized 10 years of enterococci surveillance data (7,422 samples) from 15 sub-tropical beaches in Miami-Dade County, Florida. It was determined that Miami beaches have historical low enterococci exceedance counts (3% of total data), that there are some beaches that are more propense to higher exceedance counts than others and that the wet season overall did not readily appear to affect exceedances counts. The logistic regression model utilized an exceedance/ non-exceedance dichotomy and spatial, temporal and annual variables. The model indicated that the overall range of probability of having an exceedance for the sampled beaches under each variable was less than 10%. The ability to use this model and get probability results showed that logistic regression is an accurate statistical tool that provides the historical probabilities of an exceedance on a beach and can complement a random sampling methodology. Furthermore it’s a simple and inexpensive methodology that provides the ability to categorize and recognize patterns estimating the surveillance-managed sample sites probabilities that provides foresight as to where to focus resources in order to reduce risk and facilitating beach management. Through the use of a historical analysis and a logistic regression model, it is possible to address dynamic recreational beach environments with a large-scale view and in a historically comprehensive manner, instead of only making management choices sample by sample.

Abstract:

A comprehensive assessment of water security incorporates a range of water-related concepts, since water policy issues to specific technical aspects of hydrological conditions and their interactions with societal needs and ecosystem functioning. This doctoral thesis is organized into three chapters that address such range of water security-related topics, aiming to establish a conceptual baseline and propose deterministic and stochastic accounting frameworks for a river basin water security evaluation. Specific assumptions and research questions are defined in each chapter, and are related to the management of \'Cantareira water supply system\' (located in Southeastern Brazil), focusing on different scales and on its political and hydrological aspects as well. The first chapter acts as a conceptual baseline for water security assessment, by examining general aspects of the Brazilian water policy and water allocation system. This study contrasts Brazilian and American water management systems applied to water transfer projects, discussing experiences from the \'Cantareira system\' and Colorado river basin. A deterministic accounting framework is presented in the second chapter, which is based on management of blue and green water kinds (defined in accordance with hydrological processes and storage types), and demonstrates how a quantitative analysis of provisioning and use (abstraction and consumption) of both water kinds can be conducted. An agricultural basin (291 km²) within the Cantareira water supply system (located upstream of the Cachoeira reservoir) was used to illustrate this approach. The impact of blue and green water use on median water resources conditions is accounted by the scarcity indicator, while the vulnerability indicator considers the probability of low availability of water resources. In the third chapter quantifies and discusses the impacts of uncertainties on water security indicators (proposed in the chapter 2), based on a multi-model and resampling framework, that considers several uncertainty sources including those related to: i) observed streamflow data; ii) hydrological model structure; iii) residual analysis; iv) Environmental Flow Requirement methods; v) the definition of critical conditions for water provision; and vi) the critical demand imposed by human activities. Then, the uncertainty is propagated through different methodological arrangements applied to the same study basin of chapter 2. In brief, the first chapter indicates that both Brazilian and American water management system can potentially contribute to each other. In the second chapter, the Blue/Green water-based accounting framework reveal clear spatial and temporal patterns of water scarcity and vulnerability levels within the basin, thereby improving our understanding of how and where water-related threats to human and aquatic ecosystem security can arise (so called hot-spots). The third chapter provide a general method that can form basis for meaningful support to end-users facing water resource challenges by enabling them to incorporate a viable uncertainty analysis into a robust decision making process. Further investigation are proposed in each research step of this doctoral thesis.
A avaliação da segurança hídrica pode incorporar vários conceitos relacionados à água, desde aspectos da política de recursos hídricos até questões hidrológicas específicas e suas interações com a sociedade e ecossistemas. Esta tese de doutorado busca estabelecer uma base conceitual e propor esquemas metodológicos com base determinística e estocástica para avaliação da segurança hídrica de bacias hidrográficas. Objetivos específicos são definidos em cada capítulo e relacionam-se à gestão do \'Sistema Cantareira de abastecimento de água\' (localizado no Sudeste do Brasil), com foco em diferentes escalas, bem como aspectos políticos e hidrológicos. O primeiro capítulo é apresentado como baseline conceitual, examinando aspectos gerais da política de recursos hídricos e sistemas alocação de água. Este estudo compara sistemas de gestão aplicados a projetos de transposição de água inter/intra-bacias no Brasil e Estados Unidos, discutindo experiências do Sistema Cantareira e da bacia do rio Colorado. O segundo capítulo, por sua vez, propõe e analisa um esquema metodológico determinístico baseado na gestão das águas azul e verde (definidas de acordo com processos hidrológicos e unidades de armazenamento). Este estudo demonstra como uma análise quantitativa da provisão e utilização de ambos os tipos de água pode ser conduzida, propondo indicadores de escassez e vulnerabilidade hídrica. Esta abordagem foi aplicada em uma bacia agrícola (291 km²), localizada a montante do reservatório Cachoeira, que é integrante do Sistema Cantareira. O terceiro capítulo quantifica e analisa os impactos das incertezas sobre os indicadores de segurança hídrica propostos no capítulo 2, utilizando um esquema metodológico estocástico baseado em múltiplos modelos e reamostragem, que incorpora variadas fontes de incerteza, tais como: i) dados observados de vazão; ii) estrutura do modelo hidrológico; iii) análise de resíduos do modelo hidrológico; iv) estimativa de vazão ambiental; v) definição de condições críticas de provisão e vi) demanda hídrica. Em seguida, as incertezas são propagadas através de diferentes arranjos metodológicos aplicados na mesma bacia estudo do capítulo 2. Em conclusão, o primeiro capítulo sugere uma potencial troca de contribuições provenientes de ambos os sistemas de gestão brasileiro e americano. O segundo capítulo revela padrões espaciais e temporais dos resultados dos indicadores de escassez e vulnerabilidade, melhorando assim a compreensão de como e onde ameaças à segurança hídrica podem surgir. Por sua vez, a análise de incertezas desenvolvida no terceiro capítulo é capaz de gerar suporte a gestores de recursos hídricos e processo de tomada de decisões robustas. Recomendações específicas são geradas em cada capítulo da presente tese de doutorado.

Abstract:

A flotação por ar dissolvido é atualmente muito utilizada e reconhecida como uma técnica eficiente para o tratamento de águas para abastecimento. Diversos estudos vêm sendo realizados para aprimoramento desta técnica e das características físicas das unidades, dentre estes o estudo do emprego de ferramenta de simulação computacional do escoamento (CFD) para melhor compreensão da estrutura de escoamento dentro dos tanques e da influência de diversos parâmetros no processo, de modo a auxiliar nas etapas de projeto e melhorias das unidades. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho propôs a verificação do potencial de utilização da ferramenta computacional CFD para representação do escoamento em uma unidade piloto de flotação por ar dissolvido de grande porte. A pesquisa foi dividida em cinco etapas: as Etapas I e II compreenderam a validação dos modelos adotados através da variação do diâmetro de microbolhas e comparação com resultados experimentais de ADV de Escher (2011), na Zona de Separação, e de Patrizzi (2005), em ambas as zonas do reator; na Etapa III, foram realizadas quatro simulações com uma das configurações da Etapa I, variando a condição de contorno de superfície e de saída do flotador, de modo a calibrar o modelo; na Etapa IV, foram realizadas cinco simulações com um dos modelos da Etapa III, variando a geometria da unidade para análise da influência destas na estrutura de escoamento; e, finalmente, na Etapa V, uma mesma configuração de operação e geometria foi empregada em três variações do modelo, por meio de mudanças na condição de contorno de saída e na abordagem Eulerian-Eulerian ou Eulerian-Lagrangian. Nas Etapas I, II e V, a superfície d\'água foi modelada como parede porosa sem atrito (permitindo a saída do ar), nas Etapas III e IV, esta foi modelada como superfície livre. Além dos resultados experimentais de ADV das autoras citadas, foram utilizados como base para avaliação dos resultados numéricos, os valores de concentração de ar e gradiente de velocidade. Os resultados mostraram que as simulações com parede porosa subestimaram os vetores de velocidade próximos à superfície, porém apresentaram resultados de concentração de ar próximos ao esperado. Em contrapartida, as simulações com superfície livre foram capazes de reproduzir melhor a turbulência próxima à superfície d\'água, entretanto, não descreveram bem a concentração de microbolhas no meio líquido.
The dissolved air flotation is currently widely used and recognized as an effective technique for the treatment of water for supply. Several studies have been conducted to perfect this technique and the physical characteristics of units, among them the application of computational flow simulation (CFD) to better understand the flow structure inside the tanks and the influence of various parameters on the process, to aid in the design steps and improvements of the units. In this context, the present study aimed to verify the potential use of CFD computational tool to represent the flow in a large scale pilot unit of dissolved air flotation. The research was divided into five stages: Stages I and II comprised the validation of the adopted models by varying the diameter of microbubbles and comparison with experimental results of ADV from Escher (2011), in the Separation Zone, and Patrizzi (2005) in both reactor zones; in Step III, four simulations were carried out with a group of settings of Step I, varying boundary conditionsof the surface and outlet of the flotation unit, in order to calibrate the model; in Step IV five simulations were performed using one of the models of Step III, varying the geometry of the unit to analyze the influence on the flow structure; and finally, in Step V, the same geometry and operating configuration was tested in three variants of the model, by changingboundary conditions and outlet in Eulerian-Eulerian or Eulerian- Lagrangian approaches. In Steps I, II and V, the water surface was modeled as a frictionless porous wall (allowing air to scape), while in Steps III and IV, it was modeled as a free surface. In addition to the ADV experimental results of cited authors, were also used as basis for evaluating the numerical results, values of air concentration and velocity gradient. The results showed that simulations with porous wall underestimated the velocity vectors near the surface, although, these results showed air concentration close to expected values. In contrast, simulations with free surface were able to better represent the turbulence near the water surface, however, were unable to describe the concentration of microbubbles in the liquid medium.

Abstract:

Este trabalho visa analisar a redução da poluição hídrica a partir do monitoramento de medidas não convencionais de reservação d\'água aplicadas em lotes urbanos a partir da eficiência individual e global integrada no lote. Prioriza também monitorar a quantidade e a qualidade da poluição e do despejo das águas pluviais a partir do seu escoamento. A inclusão dessas medidas em lotes residenciais e/ou comerciais oferece oportunidades de melhorias no controle das cheias, além de favorecer a recarga do aqüífero e diminuir o impacto no ciclo hidrológico em sua própria fonte geradora. Dentre os dispositivos ou medidas instaladas destacam-se: trincheira de infiltração e poço profundo, telhado verde com reservação, reservatório de retenção do escoamento superficial proveniente das águas pluviais e tratamento de águas residuárias com biodigestor visando o reúso do efluente para fins não potáveis. As estruturas de aproveitamento e de reúso favorecem a retenção e a detenção da água no lote e contribuem para diminuir o fluxo em direção aos dispositivos da micro e macrodrenagem. Para cada uma das aplicações adotou-se monitoramento com equipamentos de precisão, como: linígrafos digitais, estação meteorológica, análise de qualidade da água. Os dados gerados contribuem para conferir indicadores, além de preencher uma lacuna deixada pela sugestão de implantação de dispositivos na fonte para adequação e otimização do sistema de drenagem e controle alternativo. Os resultados obtidos pelo monitoramento indicam que a adoção de tais práticas permite uma eficiência integrada na retenção do escoamento de até 80% quando comparada com uma residência sem controle do uso da água. Este cenário, ocupado tendencial ou convencionalmente, resultou lâminas de escoamento de até 90% da precipitação total. Durante um ano em operação, com análise de aproximadamente 120 eventos naturais, não induzidos, em seis meses de dados avaliados, os eventos resultaram em eficiência no desempenho das medidas instaladas. Portanto, o efeito combinado das medidas potencializa a retenção do escoamento e otimiza a capacidade de reservação d\'água em áreas particulares. Recomenda-se, entre outras atividades, o desenvolvimento de um sistema de gestão integrada e descentralizada de águas urbanas, com enfoque em drenagem seletiva a partir do aproveitamento de águas pluviais.
This paper aims to analyze the reduction of hydropollution through monitoring non conventional reservation of water applied in urban lots starting from individual and global efficiency integrated to the lot. It also prioritizes the monitoring of both quality and quantity of pollution and the rain flow from its draining. The inclusion of these measurements on residential and/or commercial lots offers opportunities of improvement on controlling floods besides improving the refilling of the aquifer and on diminishing the hydrological impact on its own generation source. Among the appliances and actions taken towards the goal some can be highlighted: infiltration trenchers and deep well, reservoir with retention of superficial flow that originates from the rain and treatment of residual water for non-drinking use. The structures of reutilization of water favor the detention and retention on the lot and contribute to diminish the flow into the appliances directed to micro and macro-drainage. To each of the applications, monitoring with precision equipment such as digital limnigraphs, weather stations and analysis of quality of the water were applied. The generated data contributed to the storage of indicators and also filled in a gap left by the suggestion of setting the appliances on the source for adapting and optimizing the draining system and an alternative control. The results obtained by the monitoring indicate that their implementation on the lots allow an efficiency of up to 80% on the retention of the flow when compared to a home without water use control. This scenery filled in conventionally on a trend resulted in flowing laminas of up to 90% of the total amount of rain. During the one year of this operation, were analyzed approximately 120 natural, non-induced events and in six months of evaluated data was shown that there is efficiency presented in the installed appliances. So, the combined effect of the procedures improves the control of the flow and increases the capacity for water storage on private areas. It is recommended the development of an integrated and decentralized management system of urban waters focusing on selective draining based on the use of rain water.

Abstract:

Este trabalho de dissertação objetiva uma proposta metodológica para a análise da relação entre cenários futuros de disponibilidade hídrica superficial e demanda hídrica, levando-se em consideração a evolução dos fatores intervenientes à oferta hídrica superficial e à demanda hídrica, segundo a narrativa de cenários tendenciais de propagação dos padrões históricos de evolução destes fatores e a narrativa de cenários alternativos. Esta análise é feita através de um balanço hídrico entre disponibilidade hídrica e demanda hídrica. Esta proposta metodológica é aplicada sobre a região de abrangência da UGRHI do Tietê-Jacaré, e esta aplicação objetiva contribuir para a elaboração do plano da bacia da UGRHI em questão. Os fatores intervenientes à oferta hídrica superficial dizem respeito às variáveis meteorológicas, que influem diretamente no regime de precipitações, e aos padrões estatísticos históricos de evolução das precipitações. Os fatores intervenientes à demanda hídrica dizem respeito às variáveis sócio-econômicas e parâmetros tecnológicos de eficiência dos usos múltiplos dos recursos hídricos. Ambos os cenários, tendenciais e alternativos, narram a evolução destes fatores intervenientes à disponibilidade hídrica superficial e demanda hídrica nas dimensões climática e sócio-econômica. Na dimensão climática são propostos dois cenários de evolução dos fatores intervenientes à disponibilidade hídrica: o cenário climático tendencial (CCT) e o cenário climático alternativo. O cenário CCT é uma propagação futura dos padrões estatísticos históricos de evolução dos regimes de precipitações. Para este cenário são geradas séries sintéticas de precipitação, sobre a região ora em estudo, a partir da aplicação de um modelo estocástico linear. O cenário CCA leva em consideração os efeitos regionais das projeções de mudanças climáticas do cenário A1F (IPCC, 2000) para a região ora em estudo. Para este cenário são inferidos os efeitos da projeção de aumento da temperatura, sobre as séries geradas, através de relações empíricas regionais e conceituais de algumas variáveis meteorológicas que influem sobre o comportamento do regime de precipitações. Para a estimativa da disponibilidade hídrica superficial, segundo os dois cenários climáticos supracitados, foi usado o modelo HEC-HMS 2.1 (USACE) de modelagem e simulação de processos de chuva-vazão. Na dimensão sócio-econômica são propostos dois cenários de evolução dos fatores intervenientes à demanda hídrica: o cenário sócio-econômico tendencial (CSET) e o cenário sócio-econômico alternativo (CSEA). O cenário CSET é uma propagação futura dos padrões estatísticos históricos de evolução dos fatores sócio-econômicos e parâmetros tecnológicos intervenientes à demanda hídrica. O cenário CSEA leva em consideração os efeitos regionais das projeções de mudanças sócio-econômicas do cenário A1F (IPCC, 2000) para a região ora em estudo. Como ferramenta computacional para a estimativa de evolução dos fatores intervenientes à demanda hídrica foi desenvolvido, pelo autor dessa dissertação, o modelo MDSA ( Modelo de Demanda Setorial por Recursos Hídricos) baseado na metodologia do modelo NoWUM (Nordeste Water Use Model) (GAISER, T. et al., 2003). O resultado principal deste trabalho de dissertação foi obtido quando da comparação entre os cenários de disponibilidade hídrica superficial e demanda hídrica. Para todos os cenários comparativos foi constatada a evolução para uma situação crítica da relação entre disponibilidade hídrica superficial e demanda hídrica, principalmente nos períodos de estiagem de chuvas, ou períodos de recessão dos escoamentos superficiais. A ocorrência futura da situação crítica, ou escassez hídrica, varia de acordo com a maior ou menor pressão sobre os recursos hídricos, de acordo com os cenários sócio-econômicos, e de acordo com uma disponibilidade maior ou menor de chuvas sobre a região ora em estudo, de acordo com os cenários climáticos. Embora se possa esperar e seja evidente, de forma intuitiva, a ocorrência da escassez hídrica, a proposta, deste trabalho de dissertação, é a elaboração de uma metodologia, ou conjunto de métodos, para a estimativa quantitativa das variáveis de oferta e disponibilidade e demanda hídrica em todas as dimensões espacial e temporal.
This work aims a methodological proposal for the analysis of future scenarios of surface water availability and water demand, being taken into consideration the evolution of the intervening factors of surface water availability and water demand, according to the narrative of trend scenarios of propagation of the historical standards, and the narrative of alternative scenarios. This methodological proposal is applied on the region of the UGRHI of Tietê-Jacaré, and this objective application is to contribute for the elaboration of the watershed plan of the UGRHI. The intervening factors to superficial water availability concern to the meteorological variables that influence directly in the precipitation regimen and to the historical statistical standards of evolution of precipitations. The intervening factors to the water demand concern to the socioeconomic variables and technological parameters of efficiency of the multiple uses of the water resources. Both scenarios, trend and alternative, tell the evolution of these intervening factors into the superficial water availability and water demand in the climatic and socioeconomic dimensions. In the climatic dimension two scenarios of evolution of the intervening factors to the water availability are considered: the climatic tendency scenario (CCT) and the climatic alternative scenario (CCA). The scenario CCT is a future propagation of the historical statistical standards of evolution of regimes of precipitations. For this scenario synthetic precipitation series are generated, on the region in study, from the application of a linear stochastic model. The scenario CCA takes in consideration the regional effect of the projections of climatic changes of scenario A1F (IPCC, 2000) for the region in study. For this scenario the effect of the projection of increase of the temperature are inferred, on the generated series, through regional and conceptual empirical relations of some meteorological variables that influence on the behavior of the precipitation behavior. For the estimate of the superficial water availability, according to two above-mentioned climatic scenarios, the model HEC-HMS 2,1 (USACE) of modeling and simulation of hydrological processes was used. In the socioeconomic dimension two scenarios of evolution of the intervening factor to the water demand are considered: the tendency socioeconomic scenario (CSET) and alternative socioeconomic scenario (CSEA). Scenario CSET is a future propagation of the historical statistical standards of evolution of the socioeconomic factors and intervening technological parameters to the water demand. Scenario CSEA takes in consideration the regional affect of the projections of socioeconomic changes of scenario A1F (IPCC, 2000) for the region in study. As a computational tool for the estimate of the evolution of the intervening factors to the water demand it was developed the MDSA model (Model of Sectorial Demand for Water Resources) based in the methodology of the NoWUM model (Northeast Water Use Model) (GAISER, T. et al.). The main result of this work was gotten when of the comparison between the scenarios of superficial water availability and water demand. For all the comparative scenarios were evidenced the evolution for a critical situation of the relation between superficial water availability and water demand, mainly in the periods of no rains, or periods of contraction of the superficial drainings. The future occurrence of the critical situation, or water scarcity, varies in accordance to the greater or minor pressure on the water resources, in accordance with the socioeconomic scenarios, and in accordance with a bigger or lesser availability of rains on the region in study, in accordance with the climatic scenarios. Although if it can wait and either evident the occurrence of the water scarcity, the proposal, of this work, is the elaboration of a methodology, or set of methods, for the quantitative estimate of the variable of availability and water demand in all the space and temporal dimensions.

Abstract:

É indiscutível a importância da disponibilidade hídrica, tanto quantitativa como qualitativa, no desenvolvimento adequado de uma região. Não só o déficit desse recurso como também o seu excesso são igualmente problemáticos e devem ser vistos de uma maneira mais realista e séria. Portanto, são necessárias ações eficientes referentes ao planejamento e gestão dos recursos hídricos, a fim de garantir a disponibilidade da água, visando à proteção, à recuperação e à conservação desse recurso. Neste estudo, busca-se analisar os conflitos gerados no aproveitamento de usos múltiplos da água em uma bacia hidrográfica do Estado de São Paulo, considerando-se a cenário atual e o futuro, com a implementação de três pequenas centrais hidrelétricas (PCHs). Através da aplicação de um modelo de simulação computacional são calculados índices de desempenho, ou seja, a confiabilidade, a resiliência e a vulnerabilidade do sistema.
It\'s unquestionable the importance of the water availability, both quantitative and qualitative, in the appropriate development of a region. Not only the deficit of this resource as its excess are equally problematic and must be seen in a more realistic and serious way. Therefore, efficient actions regarding the water resources\' planning and management are necessary, to guarante the availability of water, aiming the protection, recovery and conservation of this rsource. In this work has the aim of analyzing the conflicts generated in the multipurpose reservoir system, in a basis of the State of Sao Paulo, considering the current and future scenarios, with the implementation of thre small hydroelectric power stations. Through the application of a computational simulation model, the reliabilty, resilense and vulnerability of the system are estimated.

Abstract:

The fluctuations in solute concentrations from eight springs in the Ridge and Valley Province in northwestern Georgia were used to determine flow types and to measure each aquifer’s ability to remove contamination. The target springs are located along a northeast trending line in the Ridge and Valley Province of northwest Georgia. This study determined and interpreted the fluctuations in chemistry of each of the sampled spring’s water based upon temporal variations of precipitation in the area and variations in the chemistries measured at each weekly sampling event. Analysis determined that carbonate springs that showed characteristics of diffuse flow, including stable conductance during variable rain events and greater than zero saturation indices increase the potential for the aquifer to filter potential contaminants before the spring discharge. This study attempts to show that by identifying pre-filtered drinking water sources quickly is possible, through field and laboratory analysis.